Common Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction and Some Socio Demographic Characteristics in Sulaimani City
https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2021.2.13
Abstract views: 951 / PDF downloads: 672Abstract
Back ground: Coronary heart disease is one of the vital causes of morbidity and death in Iraq. Socioeconomic status is also affected by coronary heart disease. These risk factors in Sulaimani city of Iraq is remain uncertain. This is a shortage of study of master student. The current study’s main aims were to explore the potential association between several predisposing factors and heart attack in Sulaimani, Iraq, and to some socio demographic in this participant. 165 contributors who were attending to the Cardiac Specialty Hospital, (Coronary Care Unit), and they were definitely diagnosed as having MI participated in the current study between 2015 and 2016; in Sulaimani, Iraq. The study was attentive on exploring the socioeconomic status, lifestyle, family history of heart attack and classical predisposing factors such as (Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, smoking cigarette, and dyslipidemia). For collecting the data, the questionnaire was designed according reading literature and books. The tests of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Pearson and Spearman were used for the current data analysis. The finding: patients at the age of ?61 years was a common group age for myocardial infarction. Sedentary lifestyle (81.8%) and smoking (Ex- passive and current smoking 69.7% was predominance. The prevalence of BMI > 25 was (75.15%). Hypertension accounted (61.2%), dyslipidemia (39.4%), and diabetes (20%) of the subjects. A positive first-degree history of classical MI risk factor of the participants was (54.5%, 39.2% and 28.4%) for hypertension, heart attack and diabetes, respectively. (98.2%) of the selected patients no eating fish. (56.4%, 58.8%) of them were not eating daily fruit and vegetable respectively. Smoking was significant correlation with age, gender, level of education, and marital status (r = 0.34, 0.38, -0.23 and 0.17) respectively) (p value less than 0.05). Conclusions: In Sulaimani city of Iraq the strong predictors of heart attack were included: sedentary lifestyle, high body mass index, positive family history, unhealthy diet, smoking cigarette, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and Diabetes Mellitus.
Keywords:
Risk factors, myocardial infarction, socioeconomic status, coronary heart disease, Sulaimani City-Iraq
References
[1] C. Larsson, "Charlotte Common risk factors associated with acute myocardial infarction: Population-based studies with a focus on gender differences," Lund University, 2011.
[2] J. Jeroen, H. Baumgartner, C. Ceconi, V. Dean, C. Deaton, S. Mendis, "Third universal definition of myocardial infarction," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60(16), pp.1581-1598, 2012.
[3] AM. Domma, MA. Gamal, "Association between acute myocardial infarction, lipid profile and smoking habit," Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14(6), pp. 47-51, 2015.
[4] SS. Anand, S. Islam, A. Rosengren, MG. Franzosi, K. Steyn, AH. Yusufali, et al., "Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study," European heart journal, 29(7), pp. 932-40, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn018
[5] AE. Azab, AS. Elsayed, "Acute myocardial infarction risk factors and correlation of its markers with serum lipids," J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng, 3(4), pp. 00075, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2017.03.00075
[6] CE. Ugwu, SE. Nwankwo, SC. Meludu, JK. Nnodim, "Assessment of the risk of myocardial infarction among undergraduate students in a Nigerian tertiary institution," International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2(11), pp. 60-5, 2016.
[7] R. Pranavchand, BM. Reddy, "Current status of understanding of the genetic etiology of coronary heart disease," Journal of postgraduate medicine, 59(1), pp. 30, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.109492
[8] T. Ohira, H. Iso, "Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Asia-An Overview-," Circulation Journal, CJ, pp. 13, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0702
[9] R. Iqbal, N. Jahan, A. Hanif, " Epidemiology and management cost of myocardial infarction in North Punjab, Pakistan," Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 17(7), 2015.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.13776v2
[10] AA. Gehani, AT. Al-Hinai, M. Zubaid, W. Almahmeed, MM. Hasani, AH. Yusufali, et al., "Association of risk factors with acute myocardial infarction in Middle Eastern countries: the INTERHEART Middle East study," European journal of preventive cardiology, 21(4), 400-10, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312465525
[11] EW. Odoi, N. Nagle, R. Zaretzki, M. Jordan, C. DuClos, KW. Kintziger, "Sociodemographic determinants of acute myocardial infarction hospitalization risks in Florida," Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(11), pp. e012712, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012712
[12] U. Narang, A. Gupta, S. Gupta, N. Gupta, S. Joshi, S. Sharma, "Risk factors and demographic profile in acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study from tertiary care rural hospital in North India," Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 5(6), F14-21, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.6.29
[13] WM. Schultz, HM. Kelli, JC. Lisko, T. Varghese, J. Shen, P. Sandesara, "Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions," Circulation, 137(20), pp. 2166-78, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652
[14] MH. Halim, YS. Yusoff, MM. Yusuf, "A review on myocardial infarction and stroke risk factors in selected countries in Asia," Advanced Science Letters, 23(5), pp. 4429-33, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.8972
[15] W. Carina, "Risks for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women in different social environments," Diss. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017.
[16] RH. Mehta, JC. O'Shea, AL. Stebbins, CB. Granger, PW. Armstrong, HD. White, "Association of mortality with years of education in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(2), pp. 138-46, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.021
[17] G. González-Zobl, M. Grau, MA. Muñoz, R. Martí, H. Sanz, J. Sala, "Posición socioeconómica e infarto agudo de miocardio. Estudio caso-control de base poblacional," Revista española de cardiología, 63(9), pp. 1045-53, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-8932(10)70226-8
[18] L. Consuegra-Sánchez, A. Melgarejo-Moreno, J. Galcerá-Tomás, N. Alonso-Fernández, Á. Díaz-Pastor, G. Escudero-García, et al., "Educational level and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction," Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 68(11), pp. 935-42, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2014.11.025
[19] I. Kirchberger, C. Meisinger, H. Golüke, M. Heier, B. Kuch, A. Peters, "Long-term survival among older patients with myocardial infarction differs by educational level: results from the MONICA/KORA myocardial infarction registry," International journal for equity in health, 13(1), pp. 19, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-19
[20] P. Tillgren, BJ. Haglund, M. Lundberg, A. Romelsjö, "The sociodemographic pattern of tobacco cessation in the 1980s: results from a panel study of living condition surveys in Sweden," Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 50(6), pp. 625-30, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.50.6.625
[21] A. Bortkiewicz, E. Gadzicka, J. Siedlecka, A. Szyjkowska, P. Viebig, J. Wranicz, et al., "Work-related risk factors of myocardial infarction," International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 23(3), pp. 255, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-010-0030-7
[22] A. Netterstrøm, FE. Nielsen, TS. Kristensen, E. Bach, L. Møller, "Relation between job strain and myocardial infarction: a case-control study," Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(5), 339-42, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.5.339
[23] AG. Cuevas, DR. Williams, MA. Albert, "Psychosocial factors and hypertension: a review of the literature," Cardiology clinics, 35(2), pp. 223-30, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.12.004
[24] BA. Elkhader, AA. Abdulla, MA. Omer, "Correlation of smoking and myocardial infarction among sudanese male patients above 40 years of age," Polish journal of radiology, 81, pp. 138, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.894068
[25] QJ. Fadheel, AA. Hussein, "Prevalence and life style determinants of hypertension among women in Iraq," J Pharm Res, 1(3), pp. 000120, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.23880/OAJPR-16000120
[26] AA. Mansour, "Prevalence and control of hypertension in Iraqi diabetic patients: a prospective cohort study," The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 6, pp. 68, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401206010068
[27] NM. Abdel-Aal, AT. Ahmad, ES. Froelicher, AM. Batieha, MM. Hamza, KM. Ajlouni, "Prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in Jordan," Saudi Med J, 29(10), pp. 1423-8, 2008.
[28] JS. Alwakeel, R. Sulimani, H. Al-Asaad, A. Al-Harbi, N. Tarif, A. Al-Suwaida, "Diabetes complications in 1952 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients managed in a single institution," Annals of Saudi medicine, 28(4), pp. 260-6, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2008.260
[29] D. Mozaffarian, EJ. Benjamin, AS. Go, DK. Arnett, MJ. Blaha, M. Cushman, "Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association," circulation, 133(4), pp. e38-60, 2016.
[30] L. Goertzen, G. Halas, J. Rothney, AS. Schultz, P. Wener, JE. Enns, et al., "Mapping a decade of physical activity interventions for primary prevention: a protocol for a scoping review of reviews," JMIR research protocols, 4(3), pp. e91, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.4240
[31] M. Talaei, K. Rabiei, Z. Talaei, N. Amiri, B. Zolfaghari, P. Kabiri, et al., "Physical activity, sex, and socioeconomic status: A population based study," ARYA atherosclerosis, 9(1), pp. 51, 2013.
[32] N. Othman, T. Kane, K. Hawrami, "Environmental health assessment in Sulaymaniyah city and Vicinity. Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, William Joiner institute, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2017.
[33] JD. Finger, T. Tylleskär, T. Lampert, GB. Mensink, "Dietary behaviour and socioeconomic position: the role of physical activity patterns," PLoS One, 8(11), pp. e78390, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078390
[34] A. Bellavia, F. Stilling, A. Wolk, "High red meat intake and all-cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality: is the risk modified by fruit and vegetable intake?," The American journal of clinical nutrition, 104(4), pp. 1137- 43, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.135335
[35] S. Pohjola-Sintonen, A. Rissanen, P. Liskola, K. Luomanmäki, "Family history as a risk factor of coronary heart disease in patients under 60 years of age," European heart journal, 19(2), pp. 235-9, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1997.0543
[36] AS. Khan, M. Isik, T. Set, Z. Akturk, U. Avsar, "A 5-year trend of myocardial infarction, hypertension, stroke and diabetes mellitus in gender and different age groups in Erzurum, Turkey," Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 9(3), pp. 198-205, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.04.002
[37] MS. Rendall, MM. Weden, MM. Favreault, H. Waldron, "The protective effect of marriage for survival: a review and update," Demography, 48(2), pp. 481-506, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0032-5
[2] J. Jeroen, H. Baumgartner, C. Ceconi, V. Dean, C. Deaton, S. Mendis, "Third universal definition of myocardial infarction," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 60(16), pp.1581-1598, 2012.
[3] AM. Domma, MA. Gamal, "Association between acute myocardial infarction, lipid profile and smoking habit," Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14(6), pp. 47-51, 2015.
[4] SS. Anand, S. Islam, A. Rosengren, MG. Franzosi, K. Steyn, AH. Yusufali, et al., "Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study," European heart journal, 29(7), pp. 932-40, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn018
[5] AE. Azab, AS. Elsayed, "Acute myocardial infarction risk factors and correlation of its markers with serum lipids," J Appl Biotechnol Bioeng, 3(4), pp. 00075, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2017.03.00075
[6] CE. Ugwu, SE. Nwankwo, SC. Meludu, JK. Nnodim, "Assessment of the risk of myocardial infarction among undergraduate students in a Nigerian tertiary institution," International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, 2(11), pp. 60-5, 2016.
[7] R. Pranavchand, BM. Reddy, "Current status of understanding of the genetic etiology of coronary heart disease," Journal of postgraduate medicine, 59(1), pp. 30, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0022-3859.109492
[8] T. Ohira, H. Iso, "Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology in Asia-An Overview-," Circulation Journal, CJ, pp. 13, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0702
[9] R. Iqbal, N. Jahan, A. Hanif, " Epidemiology and management cost of myocardial infarction in North Punjab, Pakistan," Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 17(7), 2015.
https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.13776v2
[10] AA. Gehani, AT. Al-Hinai, M. Zubaid, W. Almahmeed, MM. Hasani, AH. Yusufali, et al., "Association of risk factors with acute myocardial infarction in Middle Eastern countries: the INTERHEART Middle East study," European journal of preventive cardiology, 21(4), 400-10, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312465525
[11] EW. Odoi, N. Nagle, R. Zaretzki, M. Jordan, C. DuClos, KW. Kintziger, "Sociodemographic determinants of acute myocardial infarction hospitalization risks in Florida," Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(11), pp. e012712, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012712
[12] U. Narang, A. Gupta, S. Gupta, N. Gupta, S. Joshi, S. Sharma, "Risk factors and demographic profile in acute myocardial infarction: a prospective study from tertiary care rural hospital in North India," Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 5(6), F14-21, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.6.29
[13] WM. Schultz, HM. Kelli, JC. Lisko, T. Varghese, J. Shen, P. Sandesara, "Socioeconomic status and cardiovascular outcomes: challenges and interventions," Circulation, 137(20), pp. 2166-78, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029652
[14] MH. Halim, YS. Yusoff, MM. Yusuf, "A review on myocardial infarction and stroke risk factors in selected countries in Asia," Advanced Science Letters, 23(5), pp. 4429-33, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.8972
[15] W. Carina, "Risks for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged women in different social environments," Diss. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017.
[16] RH. Mehta, JC. O'Shea, AL. Stebbins, CB. Granger, PW. Armstrong, HD. White, "Association of mortality with years of education in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with fibrinolysis," Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 57(2), pp. 138-46, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.021
[17] G. González-Zobl, M. Grau, MA. Muñoz, R. Martí, H. Sanz, J. Sala, "Posición socioeconómica e infarto agudo de miocardio. Estudio caso-control de base poblacional," Revista española de cardiología, 63(9), pp. 1045-53, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-8932(10)70226-8
[18] L. Consuegra-Sánchez, A. Melgarejo-Moreno, J. Galcerá-Tomás, N. Alonso-Fernández, Á. Díaz-Pastor, G. Escudero-García, et al., "Educational level and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction," Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 68(11), pp. 935-42, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2014.11.025
[19] I. Kirchberger, C. Meisinger, H. Golüke, M. Heier, B. Kuch, A. Peters, "Long-term survival among older patients with myocardial infarction differs by educational level: results from the MONICA/KORA myocardial infarction registry," International journal for equity in health, 13(1), pp. 19, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-13-19
[20] P. Tillgren, BJ. Haglund, M. Lundberg, A. Romelsjö, "The sociodemographic pattern of tobacco cessation in the 1980s: results from a panel study of living condition surveys in Sweden," Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 50(6), pp. 625-30, 1996.
https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.50.6.625
[21] A. Bortkiewicz, E. Gadzicka, J. Siedlecka, A. Szyjkowska, P. Viebig, J. Wranicz, et al., "Work-related risk factors of myocardial infarction," International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 23(3), pp. 255, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.2478/v10001-010-0030-7
[22] A. Netterstrøm, FE. Nielsen, TS. Kristensen, E. Bach, L. Møller, "Relation between job strain and myocardial infarction: a case-control study," Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(5), 339-42, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.5.339
[23] AG. Cuevas, DR. Williams, MA. Albert, "Psychosocial factors and hypertension: a review of the literature," Cardiology clinics, 35(2), pp. 223-30, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccl.2016.12.004
[24] BA. Elkhader, AA. Abdulla, MA. Omer, "Correlation of smoking and myocardial infarction among sudanese male patients above 40 years of age," Polish journal of radiology, 81, pp. 138, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.12659/PJR.894068
[25] QJ. Fadheel, AA. Hussein, "Prevalence and life style determinants of hypertension among women in Iraq," J Pharm Res, 1(3), pp. 000120, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.23880/OAJPR-16000120
[26] AA. Mansour, "Prevalence and control of hypertension in Iraqi diabetic patients: a prospective cohort study," The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 6, pp. 68, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874192401206010068
[27] NM. Abdel-Aal, AT. Ahmad, ES. Froelicher, AM. Batieha, MM. Hamza, KM. Ajlouni, "Prevalence of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes in Jordan," Saudi Med J, 29(10), pp. 1423-8, 2008.
[28] JS. Alwakeel, R. Sulimani, H. Al-Asaad, A. Al-Harbi, N. Tarif, A. Al-Suwaida, "Diabetes complications in 1952 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients managed in a single institution," Annals of Saudi medicine, 28(4), pp. 260-6, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2008.260
[29] D. Mozaffarian, EJ. Benjamin, AS. Go, DK. Arnett, MJ. Blaha, M. Cushman, "Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association," circulation, 133(4), pp. e38-60, 2016.
[30] L. Goertzen, G. Halas, J. Rothney, AS. Schultz, P. Wener, JE. Enns, et al., "Mapping a decade of physical activity interventions for primary prevention: a protocol for a scoping review of reviews," JMIR research protocols, 4(3), pp. e91, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.2196/resprot.4240
[31] M. Talaei, K. Rabiei, Z. Talaei, N. Amiri, B. Zolfaghari, P. Kabiri, et al., "Physical activity, sex, and socioeconomic status: A population based study," ARYA atherosclerosis, 9(1), pp. 51, 2013.
[32] N. Othman, T. Kane, K. Hawrami, "Environmental health assessment in Sulaymaniyah city and Vicinity. Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, William Joiner institute, University of Massachusetts Boston, 2017.
[33] JD. Finger, T. Tylleskär, T. Lampert, GB. Mensink, "Dietary behaviour and socioeconomic position: the role of physical activity patterns," PLoS One, 8(11), pp. e78390, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078390
[34] A. Bellavia, F. Stilling, A. Wolk, "High red meat intake and all-cause cardiovascular and cancer mortality: is the risk modified by fruit and vegetable intake?," The American journal of clinical nutrition, 104(4), pp. 1137- 43, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.135335
[35] S. Pohjola-Sintonen, A. Rissanen, P. Liskola, K. Luomanmäki, "Family history as a risk factor of coronary heart disease in patients under 60 years of age," European heart journal, 19(2), pp. 235-9, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.1997.0543
[36] AS. Khan, M. Isik, T. Set, Z. Akturk, U. Avsar, "A 5-year trend of myocardial infarction, hypertension, stroke and diabetes mellitus in gender and different age groups in Erzurum, Turkey," Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 9(3), pp. 198-205, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.04.002
[37] MS. Rendall, MM. Weden, MM. Favreault, H. Waldron, "The protective effect of marriage for survival: a review and update," Demography, 48(2), pp. 481-506, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0032-5
Downloads
How to Cite
[1]
B. O. Sharif and S. Y. Lafi, “Common Risk Factors of Myocardial Infarction and Some Socio Demographic Characteristics in Sulaimani City”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 136–143, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.24017/science.2021.2.13.
Article Metrics
Published
25-01-2022
Issue
Section
Pure and Applied Science
