Kalar1 and Kalar2, Newly Released Wheat Varieties for Cultivation under Rain-fed Conditions

https://doi.org/10.24017/science.2021.2.4

Abstract views: 1480 / PDF downloads: 613

Authors

  • Star Ali Awtaq Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research, Kalar, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region
  • Ali Shamsullah Azeez Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research, Kalar, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region
  • Yadgar Ali Mahmood Animal production department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Garmian, Kalar, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region
  • Narmeen Rashid Abdulkareem Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research, Kalar, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region
  • Khalil Musa Jamal Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research, Kalar, Sulaimanyah, Kurdistan Region

Abstract

Improving new varieties plays an important role to increase the productivity of wheat grain yield in Iraq. Garmian region as a semi-arid area is extremely suffering with low wheat yield production as a result of continuing yield potential reduction of the local cultivars over the time. This project was conducted at the Directory of Garmian Agricultural Research to develop new cultivars through four field trials from 2009 to 2013. In the selection phase, 50 lines of Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nurseries (16th FAWWON-IR) were screened, and three superior lines (SL1; CH75479/SARDARI-HD74, SL2; CATBERD/CNO79*2/HEF1, and SL3; ID800994.W/VEE/5/CA8055/4/ROMTAST/BON/3/DIBO//SU) to the best local check (Aras) for grain yield, thousand grain weight, anthesis date and plant height were selected for testing in three field trials of comparison phase. Averaging over years, the results of this project significantly confirmed that two of the selected lines (SL1 and SL2) performed superior (4.24 and 4.73 t h-1, respectively) to the local check (Aras; 2.83 t h-1) with regards to grain yield production by about 50-60% (P < 0.001). This superiority of the selected lines compared to the local check was due to significant longer spike through increasing grain number (P < 0.001), and wider flag-leaf area which leads to assimilate more CO2 to the grain during grain filling duration (P < 0.01). Based on these results, the superior genotypes (SL1 and SL2) were then qualified for identification and officially released (Reference Number 192, dated November 21, 2018) as new cultivars namely Kalar1 (SL1) and Kalar2 (SL2) by the National Committee for Recording and Protecting Agricultural Varieties in Iraq for the climate of Garmian region.

Keywords:

Wheat breeding, New cultivar, Semi-arid climate, Kalar1, Kalar2.

References

[1] C. Wang, L. Feng, L. Wu, C. Cheng, Y. Li, J. Yan, J. Gao, and F. Chen, "Assessment of Genotypes and Management Strategies to Improve Resilience of Winter Wheat Production," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 4, p. 1474, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041474
[2] N. Philipp, H. Weichert, U. Bohra, W. Weschke, A.W. Schulthess, and H. Weber, "Grain Number and Grain Yield Distribution Along the Spike Remain Stable Despite Breeding for High Yield in Winter Wheat," PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 10, p. e0205452, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205452
[3] FAOSTAT. (2021, 20 August 2021). Wheat Yield Production and Harvested Area in Iraq and Worldwide. Available: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
[4] M. Reynolds, S. Rajaram, and K. Sayre, "Physiological and Genetic Changes of Irrigated Wheat in the Post-Green Revolution Period and Approaches for Meeting Projected Global Demand," Crop Science, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1611-1621, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.3961611x
[5] G. Fischer, M.M. Shah, and H. Van Velthuizen, "Climate Change and Agricultural Vulnerability," International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Johannesburg2002.
[6] M.W. Rosegrant and M. Agcaoili, "Sustainable Solutions for Ending Hunger and Poverty," in "2010 Annual Report," Washington, DC, USA2010.
[7] M.W. Rosegrant and S.A. Cline, "Global Food Security: Challenges and Policies," Science, vol. 302, no. 5652, pp. 1917-1919, 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1092958
[8] G.A. Slafer, J.L. Araus, C. Royo, and L.F.G. Del Moral, "Promising Eco?Physiological Traits for Genetic Improvement of Cereal Yields in Mediterranean Environments," Annals of applied biology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 61-70, 2005.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.04048.x
[9] M. Reynolds and N. Borlaug, "Applying Innovations and New Technologies for International Collaborative Wheat Improvement," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 144, no. 2, pp. 95-110,2006.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859606005879
[10] D.B. Lobell and C.B. Field, "Global Scale Climate-Crop Yield Relationships and the Impacts of Recent Warming," Environmental research letters, vol. 2, no. 1, p. 014002, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/2/1/014002
[11] L.T. Hickey, A.N. Hafeez, H. Robinson, S.A. Jackson, S.C. Leal-Bertioli, M. Tester, C. Gao, I.D. Godwin, B.J. Hayes, and B.B. Wulff, "Breeding Crops to Feed 10 Billion," Nature biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 744-754, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0152-9
[12] L. Cattivelli, F. Rizza, F.W. Badeck, E. Mazzucotelli, A.M. Mastrangelo, E. Francia, C. Marè, A. Tondelli, and A.M. Stanca, "Drought Tolerance Improvement in Crop Plants: An Integrated View from Breeding to Genomics," Field crops research, vol. 105, no. 1-2, pp. 1-14, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.07.004
[13] H.C.J. Godfray, J.R. Beddington, I.R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J.F. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S.M. Thomas, and C. Toulmin, "Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People," science, vol. 327, no. 5967, pp. 812-818, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383
[14] M.J. Foulkes, G.A. Slafer, W.J. Davies, P.M. Berry, R. Sylvester-Bradley, P. Martre, D.F. Calderini, S. Griffiths, and M.P. Reynolds, "Raising Yield Potential of Wheat. Iii. Optimizing Partitioning to Grain While Maintaining Lodging Resistance," Journal of experimental botany, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 469-486, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq300
[15] B. Hirel, J. Le Gouis, B. Ney, and A. Gallais, "The Challenge of Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants: Towards a More Central Role for Genetic Variability and Quantitative Genetics within Integrated Approaches," Journal of experimental botany, vol. 58, no. 9, pp. 2369-2387, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm097
[16] M.J. Foulkes, M.J. Hawkesford, P. Barraclough, M. Holdsworth, S. Kerr, S. Kightley, and P. Shewry, "Identifying Traits to Improve the Nitrogen Economy of Wheat: Recent Advances and Future Prospects," Field Crops Research, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 329-342, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.09.005
[17] Z. Hochman, D.L. Gobbett, and H. Horan, "Climate Trends Account for Stalled Wheat Yields in Australia since 1990," Global Change Biology, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 2071-2081, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13604
[18] M. Allahdou, "Evaluation of Resistance to Drought in Tritipyrum Lines Using Drought Tolerance Indices," International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 461-465, 2012.
[19] X. Chen, D. Min, T.A. Yasir, and Y.G. Hu, "Evaluation of 14 Morphological, Yield-Related and Physiological Traits as Indicators of Drought Tolerance in Chinese Winter Bread Wheat Revealed by Analysis of the Membership Function Value of Drought Tolerance (Mfvd)," Field Crops Research, vol. 137, pp. 195-201, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.008
[20] J. Araus, T. Amaro, J. Voltas, H. Nakkoul, and M. Nachit, "Chlorophyll Fluorescence as a Selection Criterion for Grain Yield in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions," Field Crops Research, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 209-223, 1998.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00079-8
[21] E. Campiglia, R. Mancinelli, E. De Stefanis, S. Pucciarmati, and E. Radicetti, "The Long-Term Effects of Conventional and Organic Cropping Systems, Tillage Managements and Weather Conditions on Yield and Grain Quality of Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf.) in the Mediterranean Environment of Central Italy," Field Crops Research, vol. 176, pp. 34-44, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.02.021
[22] Y. Mahmood, "Drought Effects on Leaf Canopy Temperature and Leaf Senescence in Barley," Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1684-1693, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i6.1197
[23] M. Rahimizadeh, A. Kashani, A. Zare-Feizabadi, A.R. Koocheki, and M. Nassiri-Mahallati, "Nitrogen UseEfficiency of Wheat as Affected by Preceding Crop, Application Rate of Nitrogen and Crop Residues,"Australian journal of crop science, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 363-368, 2010.
[24] Y.A. Mahmood, M.S. Mohammed, and H.N. Hassan, "A Physiological Explanation of Drought Effect on Flag-Leaf Specific Weight and Chlorophyll Content of Barley," Iraqi Journal of Science, pp. 2531-2539, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.12.1
[25] M. Reynolds, M.J. Foulkes, G.A. Slafer, P. Berry, M.A. Parry, J.W. Snape, and W.J. Angus, "Raising Yield Potential in Wheat," Journal of experimental botany, vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 1899-1918, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp016
[26] D.K. Ray, N.D. Mueller, P.C. West, and J.A. Foley, "Yield Trends Are Insufficient to Double Global Crop Production by 2050," PloS one, vol. 8, no. 6, p. e66428, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066428
[27] R. Austin, "Yield of Wheat in the United Kingdom: Recent Advances and Prospects," Crop Science, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1604-1610, 1999.
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.3961604x
[28] M.L. Maydup, M. Antonietta, C. Graciano, J.J. Guiamet, and E.A. Tambussi, "The Contribution of the Awns of Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) to Grain Filling: Responses to Water Deficit and the Effects of Awns on Ear Temperature and Hydraulic Conductance," Field Crops Research, vol. 167, pp. 102-111, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.07.012
[29] Y. Sun, X. Wang, N. Wang, Y. Chen, and S. Zhang, "Changes in the Yield and Associated Photosynthetic Traits of Dry-Land Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province of China," Field Crops Research, vol. 167, pp. 1-10, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.07.002
[30] J. Yan and S. Zhang, "Effects of Dwarfing Genes on Water Use Efficiency of Bread Wheat," Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 126-134, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2017134
[31] R. Ortiz, K.D. Sayre, B. Govaerts, R. Gupta, G. Subbarao, T. Ban, D. Hodson, J.M. Dixon, J.I. OrtizMonasterio, and M. Reynolds, "Climate Change: Can Wheat Beat the Heat?," Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 126, no. 1-2, pp. 46-58, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2008.01.019
[32] B.A. Kumar, S. Azam-Ali, J. Snape, R. Weightman, and M. Foulkes, "Relationships between Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Grain Yield in Winter Wheat under Well-Watered and Drought Conditions," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. 149, no. 3, pp. 257-272, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000730
[33] Y.A. Mahmood, H.N. Hassan, and M.S. Mohammed, "Yield Performance of Barley Hybrids (Hordeum Vulgare L.) under Drought Stress and Non-Stressed Conditions," Passer Journal, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 4, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.24271/psr.20
[34] H.N. Hassan, M.S. Mohammed, and Y.A. Mahmood, "Association between Some Grain Related Traits of Barley under Drought and Irrigated Conditions," Journal of University of Garmian, vol. 6, no. SCAPAS Conferance, pp. 76-83, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.scpas10
[35] A. Morgounov, F. Ozdemir, M. Keser, B. Akin, T. Payne, and H.-J. Braun, "International Winter Wheat Improvement Program: History, Activities, Impact and Future," Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 240-250, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2019261
[36] IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software
[37] Graphpad Prism Version 8.0.0 for Windows [Online]. Available: www.graphpad.com
[38] Y. Mahmood, "Full Diallel Crosses in Two-Rowed Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.)," Field Crops Department, College of Agriculture, University of Sulaimani, M. Sc. thesis, 2010.
[39] Y.A.M. Roghzai, "The Physiological and Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance in Bread Wheat and Ancestral Wheat Species," Plant and Crop Sciences Department, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Ph.D thesis, 2016.
[40] J. Yan, N. Zhang, X. Wang, and S. Zhang, "Selection of Yield-Related Traits for Wheat Breeding in SemiArid Region," Int. J. Agric. Biol, vol. 20, pp. 569-574, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.0523
[41] A. Masoni, L. Ercoli, M. Mariotti, and I. Arduini, "Post-Anthesis Accumulation and Remobilization of Dry Matter, Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Durum Wheat as Affected by Soil Type," European Journal of Agronomy, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 179-186, 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.09.006
[42] M. Wada, L.J. Carvalho, G.C. Rodrigues, and R. Ishii, "Cultivar Differences in Leaf Photosynthesis and Grain Yield of Wheat under Soil Water Deficit Conditions," Japanese Journal of Crop Science, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 339-344, 1994.
https://doi.org/10.1626/jcs.63.339
[43] R. Casebow, C. Hadley, R. Uppal, M. Addisu, S. Loddo, A. Kowalski, S. Griffiths, and M. Gooding, "Reduced Height (Rht) Alleles Affect Wheat Grain Quality," PloS one, vol. 11, no. 5, p. e0156056, 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156056
[44] D. Rao and S. Sinha, "Efficiency of Mobilization of Seed Reserves in Sorghum Hybrids and Their Parents as Influenced by Temperature Regimes," Seed Res, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 97-100, 1993.
[45] M. Buriro, F.C. Oad, M.I. Keerio, S. Tunio, A.W. Gandahi, S.W.U. Hassan, and S.M. Oad, "Wheat Seed Germination under the Influence of Temperature Regimes," Sarhad J. Agric, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 539-543, 2011.

Downloads

How to Cite

[1]
S. A. Awtaq, A. S. Azeez, Y. A. Mahmood, N. R. Abdulkareem, and K. M. Jamal, “Kalar1 and Kalar2, Newly Released Wheat Varieties for Cultivation under Rain-fed Conditions”, KJAR, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 35–43, Dec. 2021, doi: 10.24017/science.2021.2.4.

Article Metrics

Published

15-12-2021

Issue

Section

Pure and Applied Science